What is Glutamine Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the body
Abbreviations l-DOPA: 3,4-Dihydroxyl-l-phenylalanine ADME: Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion AIN: Acute interstitial nephritis AKI: Acute kidney injury ATN: Acute tubular necrosis ASC: Adult stem cell ALP: Alkaline phosphatase ARB: Angiotensin receptor blocker ACEI: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors ABC: ATP-binding cassette ADPKD: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease B2 M: Beta-2 microglobulin BUN: Blood urea nitrogen BCRP: Breast cancer resistance protein CRS: Cardiorenal syndrome CKD: Chronic kidney disease CLU: Clusterin CIHP: Conditionally immortalized human podocyte ciPTEC: Conditionally immortalized proximal tubule epithelial cell CysC: Cystatin C CYP: Cytochrome P450 ESKD: End-stage kidney disease EMA: European Medicines Agency ECM: Extracellular matrix FDA: Food and Drug Administration GGT: -Glutamyl transpeptidase G-GT: -Glutamyl transpeptidase transferase GFR: Glomerular filtration rate GMEC: Glomerular microvascular endothelial cell GST: Glutathione S-transferase HO: Heme oxygenase HUS: Hemolytic-uremic syndrome HRS: Hepatorenal syndrome HFM: Hollow fiber membrane hTERT: Human telomerase reverse transcriptase IVIVE: In vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation iPSC: Induced pluripotent stem cell IGFBP: Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein IVIG: Intravenous immunoglobulin IRI: Ischemiareperfusion injury KIM: Kidney injury molecule L-FABP: Liver type-fatty acid binding protein MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase MTX: Methotrexate MEM: Microelectromechanical systems MPS: Microphysiological systems MCP: Monocyte chemotactic protein MATE: Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein MRP: Multidrug resistance protein NAG: N -Acetyl--glucosaminidase NGAL: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs OAT: Organic anion transporters OCT: Organic cation transporter OPN: Osteopontin P-gp: P-glycoprotein PBPK: Physiologically based pharmacokinetic PES: Polyethersulfone PSTC: Predictive Safety Testing Consortium RPA: Renal papillary antigen RPTEC: Renal proximal tubule epithelial cell RAS: Renin-angiotensin system RBP: Retinol binding protein sCr: Serum creatinine SV40T: Simian virus 40 large T antigen SDS: Sodium dodecyl sulfate SLC: Solute carrier family 3D: Three-dimensional TIMP: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase TEER: Transepithelial electrical resistance TFF: Trefoil factor 2D: Two-dimensional uALB: Urinary albumin uTP: Urinary total protein References Alinejad S, Ghaemi K, Abdollahi M, Mehrpour O (2016) Nephrotoxicity of methadone: a systematic review
Determination of ROS concentrations poses a challenge due to their short half-lives, prompting the use of marker proteins, including malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH)
2C, G), consistent with previous studies showing that ferroptosis accelerates inflammation [25]
Patient education is equally vital
